San Marino: Country Facts
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, is a small, landlocked microstate surrounded by Italy. The capital, San Marino, is located on the slopes of Monte Titano. With a population of around 34,000, Italian is the official language. Known for being the world’s oldest republic, founded on September 3, 301, by Saint Marinus, its economy is supported by finance, industry, services, and tourism. San Marino is famous for its medieval architecture, historic towers, and rich cultural heritage. The country maintains a stable political system with two Captains Regent serving as heads of state, elected every six months.
History of San Marino
Founding and Early Period
The Legend of Saint Marinus (301-800)
San Marino’s history begins with its legendary founder, Saint Marinus, a Christian stonemason who fled persecution in Roman Dalmatia. In 301, he established a small community on Monte Titano, which became a refuge for Christians.
Key Figures:
- Saint Marinus: Founder and patron saint of San Marino.
Cultural Achievements:
- The establishment of a community based on Christian values and mutual aid, laying the foundation for the future republic.
Medieval Period
Growth and Independence (800-1500)
San Marino gradually developed a distinct identity and governance structure. By the 10th century, it had become a feudal state with a unique form of government. In 1243, San Marino established the position of the Captains Regent, a dual executive role that remains today.
Key Figures:
- Bishop of Rimini: Played a role in early governance and protection of San Marino.
Key Events:
- 1243: The institution of the Captains Regent.
- 1291: Pope Nicholas IV recognizes San Marino’s independence.
- 1463: Expansion of territory after aligning with the Papal States against the Malatesta family.
Renaissance and Early Modern Period
Renaissance Flourishing (1500-1700)
During the Renaissance, San Marino maintained its independence and stability, attracting intellectuals and artists. The republic’s governance and legal structures were further refined during this period.
Key Figures:
- Francesco di Giorgio Martini: Renowned architect who influenced San Marino’s fortifications.
Cultural Achievements:
- The construction of significant buildings and fortifications, including the iconic Three Towers of San Marino.
Napoleonic and Post-Napoleonic Era
Napoleonic Influence (1700-1815)
Napoleon Bonaparte respected San Marino’s independence, a testament to its diplomatic acumen. In 1797, he offered to extend its territory, but the Sammarinese declined to maintain their neutrality.
Key Figures:
- Antonio Onofri: A prominent statesman who secured San Marino’s favorable relationship with Napoleon.
Key Events:
- 1797: Napoleon’s offer to expand San Marino’s territory.
- 1815: The Congress of Vienna reaffirms San Marino’s independence amidst the redrawing of Europe.
19th Century
Resilience and Diplomacy (1815-1900)
The 19th century saw San Marino navigate the turbulent politics of Italian unification. Its neutral stance and diplomatic efforts preserved its independence.
Key Figures:
- Count Giulio Malfatti: A key diplomat during the Italian unification process.
Key Events:
- 1849: San Marino provides refuge to Italian revolutionaries, including Giuseppe Garibaldi.
- 1862: Signing of a treaty of friendship with the newly unified Kingdom of Italy.
20th Century
World Wars and Modernization (1900-1945)
San Marino remained neutral during both World Wars, despite its strategic location. The republic faced economic challenges but maintained its sovereignty.
Key Figures:
- Luigi Zafferani: A prominent leader during the interwar period.
Key Events:
- 1923: Establishment of the first political parties.
- 1944: San Marino shelters over 100,000 Italian refugees during WWII.
Post-War Period
Economic Growth and International Relations (1945-2000)
After WWII, San Marino experienced significant economic growth, transitioning from an agrarian economy to one based on tourism, banking, and manufacturing.
Key Figures:
- Giuseppe Maiani: Influential in post-war economic reforms.
- Federico Bigi: Diplomat who helped San Marino join the United Nations.
Key Events:
- 1954: San Marino joins the Council of Europe.
- 1992: Admission to the United Nations.
21st Century
Contemporary Developments (2000-Present)
San Marino continues to thrive as a sovereign state, balancing tradition with modernization. Its economy is bolstered by tourism, finance, and high-tech industries.
Key Figures:
- Captains Regent: Continuing the tradition of dual executive leadership.
Key Events:
- 2008: San Marino adopts the euro as its official currency.
- 2013: Celebration of the 1,700th anniversary of its founding.
Cultural Achievements
San Marino has preserved a rich cultural heritage, seen in its medieval architecture, art, and traditions. The Three Towers, the Basilica of San Marino, and the annual Medieval Days festival are testaments to its historical and cultural legacy.
Major Turning Points
- 301: Founding by Saint Marinus.
- 1243: Establishment of the Captains Regent.
- 1463: Territorial expansion.
- 1797: Napoleon’s offer and diplomatic success.
- 1815: Congress of Vienna’s recognition.
- 1849: Refuge to Italian revolutionaries.
- 1862: Treaty of friendship with Italy.
- 1944: Shelter to WWII refugees.
- 1992: Admission to the United Nations.
- 2008: Adoption of the euro.
